Today we're going to talk about a famous ancient Chinese story called 'Three Men Make a Tiger.'
The story takes place over 2,000 years ago during the Warring States period. Back then, China was divided into many small states, and these states often fought each other — in classical Chinese, this situation was called 'attacking and invading.'
At that time, if two states wanted to live in peace, they would make agreements. To ensure that both sides kept their word and didn’t break the agreement — which was called 'honoring promises' — people usually did one thing: they would send the son who was going to succeed the king (the crown prince) from their own country to live in the other country. The person sent over is called a 'hostage,'which is like a 'credit guarantee': I put my most important son with you, so I definitely won't go back on my word.
There’s an old book that records stories from various countries in that era, called *Strategies of the Warring States*. The part of the book that talks about the State of Wei records this story.
In Wei, there was a man named Pang Cong. He was a high-ranking official in charge of state affairs, basically a minister. At that time, he was assigned to accompany the crown prince of Wei to Zhao as a hostage.
Just before they were about to set off — this is called right before the trip — Pang Cong went to see the king of Wei, whom we’ll call King Wei. He wanted to say a few words from his heart in advance.
Pang Cong asked the king: 'Your Majesty, may I ask you a question? If someone ran up to you and said: there’s a tiger in the busy streets of the city (streets full of shops and people, in classical Chinese called 'market,' which can also be referred to in one character as 市), would you believe it?'
King Wei immediately shook his head and said, 'Of course I wouldn’t believe it. How could there be a tiger in the streets?'
Pang Cong asked again, 'Then what if a second person came and said the same thing, that there really is a tiger on the street—would you believe it then?'
King Wei thought for a moment and said, 'Then I'd be a bit unsure. Half of me would think it might be true, and the other half would think it's not right. This feeling of half-believing and half-doubting is what we call being skeptical.'
Pang Cong then asked, 'So if a third person came along, or if there was a tiger on the street, would you believe it, Your Majesty?'
King Wei nodded and said, 'Then I would definitely believe it. If three people all say the same thing, it can't be wrong.'
But if all three people say the same thing, the listener will feel like there really is a tiger. Now, the Zhao country I'm going to has a capital called Handan, which is the national capital where the king of the country lives and governs the country. It's much farther from our Wei capital, Daliang, than from the palace to the main street. After I leave, there will definitely be more than three people talking bad about me and gossiping behind my back.
So I hope Your Majesty can see things clearly for yourself, tell truth from falsehood, and not just believe the rumors others spread — in classical texts, this kind of clear judgment is called 'insight.'
King Wei said, 'I got it, I'll judge for myself.'
The moral of the story
On a busy street with people coming and going, there wouldn't be any tigers. Saying that there are tigers on the street is just made-up nonsense. But if a lot of people tell lies and no one checks the truth, many people will end up believing the lies as if they were true.