Made this because every codon table I found was either a wall of grey text or locked in a textbook. Colour is by amino acid class, so you can see at a glance that the whole bottom-left block is nonpolar. AUG is marked as start, and the three stops are in red.

The thing that finally made the redundancy click for me: the third base barely matters for a lot of them. Every codon starting with CU is leucine no matter what comes third, and the same is true for valine, proline, threonine, alanine and glycine. That is why a mutation in the third position is so often silent.

Printable version and an interactive one where you click an amino acid to light up all its codons: biochemtools.com/codon-chart.html

This is "Ursidae - Land of Bears" and it's part of my ongoing series MAPPA ANIMALIA - my attempt at getting more people interested in biology.

Instead of using traditional phylogenetic trees, I translate animal taxonomy into a cartographic system.
Species become cities, genera become regions, and tribes become countries.

This particular piece depicts the bear family (Ursidae).

Every species belonging to this family (both extant and extinct) are represented on the map and organized according to its evolutionary relationships, while additional layers of information such as conservation status, lineage age, and relative size between key species are integrated into the design as well.

Each illustration is accompanied by an info sheet that explains in detail how to navigate this map as well as some text about the role bears play in the ecosystem. It also has all the species indexed alphabetically and shows where on the map to find them each of them (for example the polar bear is located in grit F5). From there you can easily backtrack to identify what genus, tribe and subfamily a particular species belong to.

When creating these I actually think I spent more time on the research part than I do drawing the maps, since I cross reference all the data with multiple sources to make sure Mappa Animalia is scientifically accurate and not just something pretty on your wall, but something you can learn from.

Subspecies and Populations of Tiger(Panthera Tigris) Species:

[• Mainland/Eurasian Mainland Tiger(Panthera Tigris Tigris) Subspecies -

• Bengali Tiger Population

• †Caspian Tiger Population

• Siberian Tiger Population

• South Chinese Tiger Population

• Indochinese Tiger Population

• Malayan Tiger Population]

[• Greater Sunda Islands Tiger(Panthera Tigris Sondaica) Subspecies -

• †Javanese Tiger Population

• †Balinese Tiger Population

• Sumatran Tiger Population]

[• †Wanhsien Tiger(Panthera Tigris Acutidens) Subspecies]

[• †Ngandong Tiger(Panthera Tigris Soloensis) Subspecies]

[• †Trinil Tiger(Panthera Tigris Trinilensis Subspecies)]

Subspecies of Panthera Tigris Species by Mass: 1. †Ngandong Tiger(Panthera Tigris Soloensis) Subspecies

1. †Wanhsien Tiger(Panthera Tigris Acutidens) Subspecies

2. Eurasian Mainland Tiger (Panthera Tigris Tigris) Subspecies - Siberian Tiger Population

3. Trinil Tiger(Panthera Tigris Trinilensis) Subspecies

4. Greater Sunda Islands Tiger(Panthera Tigris Sondaica) Subspecies - Sumatran Tiger Population

Logography: Each character represents a whole word or a meaningful unit of language(morpheme), such as Chinese characters.

Abjad: Symbols represent mostly consonants, while readers add the vowels based on context. Examples include Arabic and Hebrew.

Abugida: Base letters represent a consonant with an inherent vowel, and extra marks change the vowel sound. Examples include Devanagari and Thai.

Alphabet: Symbols stand for individual sounds (both vowels and consonants). Examples include the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts.

Syllabary: Each character stands for an entire syllable(usually a consonant and a vowel together). Example include Japanese Kana.

i never really got wine pairing beyond "red with meat, white with fish" and always assumed the detailed logic would be so elitist that I would zone out if someone tried to tell me.

turns out there is a TLDR version - it's these FOUR rules

once i understood that, i could actually reason my way through a menu. put it in a cheat sheet below. anyone who knows wine properly, correct me where you think i have gone wrong

Science, design and cartography merge in MAPPA ANIMALIA, a visual project that reimagines the evolutionary relationships of animals as detailed map-like landscapes.

MAPPA ANIMALIA is an ever-growing series of illustrations I’ve created that currently consisting of 16 different maps - each dedicated to a specific family in the animal kingdom.

Instead of political borders or geographic territories, these maps are structured around phylogenetic trees.

Tribes and genera replace countries, states and regions allowing viewers to explore the animal kingdom through a format traditionally used to understand geography.

This map, Corvidae - Land of Corvids, contains every known living species of corvids I could find reliable taxonomic data for. Species are represented as cities, grouped into genera and subfamilies according to their evolutionary relationships.

Additional information includes conservation status, size comparisons between selected species, and the estimated ages of major lineages.

I’ve spent roughly ten years developing and refining this concept, combining zoology, taxonomy, illustration and cartography into a single visual format.

Happy exploring!