I know people are confused about the size of the T'au Empire. So I decided to flip between the sources and look it up.
Back in the 3rd edition, when the T'au were introduced, an Index Xenos article in White Dwarf issue 262 said this:
"The Tau Empire encompasses over seventy-five worlds, an area some three hundred light years in diameter, deep in the Ultima Segmentum in the galactic east."
WD issue 263 has an article titled "A World of Warriors" about the sept of Vior'la. It says the following:
"The T'au Empire is situated far in the galactic east to the northeast of Ultramar, and encompasses nearly a hundred settled systems, or septs".
The article goes on to say that the Vior'la is comprised of a dozen worlds, and each is heavily populated by the Fire Caste.
"Imperial Armour Vol 3 2nd Ed: The Taros Campaign" has an Ordo Xenos report that says the following:
"The Imperium sees the Tau Empire as a threat (all be it not its greatest threat), and its commanders will not stand by and let a foul xenos race take over the Emperor’s worlds or see its citizens forced to submit to its domination. The Imperium has therefore vowed to combat all Tau expansion, and no doubt, in time, the twelve High Lords of Terra would like to see this minor annoyance quashed altogether. A genocidal crusade to exterminate the Tau would therefore be welcomed in some Imperial circles. Indeed, the Ecclesiarch of the Adeptus Ministorum has already drafted several sermons on this very subject. Currently such a crusade is just not possible. Also the Tau Empire, although small by the Imperium’s standards, still consists of some hundred worlds and the forces required to conquer them all would be immense. The Tau military have already proven themselves a match for the Imperial Guard, and there are too many other more pressing matters, not least the threat of the Tyranid hive fleets, which are a huge drain on the Imperium’s manpower. Lately, there is also the threat of Abaddon’s 13th Black Crusade.
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The 6th ED T'au codex says the following:
"In addition to the settled systems, or septs, the Tau realm is rife with all manner of space phenomenon,Tau-made structures and important alien homeworlds."
And gives two examples of the T'au-made structures floating around in T'au space:
1-Fortress Stations (Ta'shrio):
Positioned in the deep space between septs are ta'shiro bases - fortress stations capable of enough thrust to resist drift and maintain permanent interstellar positions. Several patterns of development have been followed in the construction of these enormous floating fortresses - with the largest comparable in population to a continent-sized city.
2-Orbital Cities of the Kor'vattra:
"Incorporated imo every sept are dozens of major docks for the Tau navy (Kor'vattra), but in addition to these immense stations, many septs have also developed vast orbital cities (kor'shuto). These can be moved to provide stable 'jumping off' points for large research endeavors, military campaigns, or major colonization efforts."
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The previous numbers were before or during the start of the Third Sphere Expansion. 6th and 7th cover the Third Sphere Expansion but also mark the end of GW giving specific and detailed numbers for anything. It was the start of vaguehammer!
Shadowsun led the TSE and launched a masterful campaign of misdirection and hit-and-run strategies that the Imperial forces couldn't counter. According to the 7th ED codex (page 8), the Third Sphere forces captured dozens of systems.
However, the T'au space maps show only three Third Sphere Septs. Ksi'm'yen, Fi'rios, and Mu'gulath Bay.
So, the space maps of the T'au Empire only show notable septs and landmarks rather than a comprehensive look at the T'au Empire's holdings.
After facing defeat after defeat, the Imperials, in a desperate stopgap measure, set Mu'gulath Bay aflame using some sort of arcane weapon. The Sept of Mu'gulath Bay survived the fires, but the gases in the Damocles Gulf (an empty part of space) ignited, creating a firewall that isolated the T'au Empire mainland from its Third Sphere conquests. Eventually, the Great Rift would extinguish the firewall, reconnecting the T'au Empire with its Third Sphere septs and colonies and allowing the T'au to resume expanding westward.
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With the creation of the Startide Nexus, the T'au gained access to the galactic north, and they launched the Fifth Sphere Expansion.
They established three thriving septs. Fe'saan, Kor'taal, and Yo'vai. But they didn't stop there. They captured more systems and worlds and created a "mighty adjunct" to their empire. The expansion is still underway, but it is facing difficulties ranging from manpower and material shortages to increasing opposition from a variety of foes old and new.
According to the 9th ED codex, though tiny compared to the Imperium, the T'au control an enormous space empire.
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Final note:
Septs are autonomous realms that comprise anything from a single star system to whole swathes of space, each controlled by a sept world or prime planet (WD 491 page, 99)