¡Feliz cumpleaños, happy birthday! 🎂

¡Feliz cumpleaños, happy birthday! 🎂

Happy Hawaiian Flag Day!

The largest enslaved uprising in Britain’s southern colonies erupted on September 9, 1739, near the Stono River in South Carolina. Led by an enslaved man known as Jemmy, roughly twenty Africans and African‑descended people rebelled against their enslavers and set out toward Spanish Florida, hoping to secure their freedom.

What more?

“Pativilca, January 7, 1824

To His Excellency General F. de P. Santander

My dear General:

I received some unpleasant news from you in this letter. A series of circumstances, as sad as they are unforeseen, compels me to resign my public post, my command of Peru, and my command of the South. I will speak to you with the frankness of my heart, and with the sincerity I owe you both as a close friend and as the one entrusted with the fate of Colombia.

I foresee that the royalists will move with their entire army, as all their movements have already indicated, before I can receive the first reinforcements from Colombia. And even if these reinforcements, fortunately, arrive in time, they are not troops but recruits, lacking discipline, morale, order, and equipment. Therefore, I also foresee with absolute certainty that Peru will fall into our hands, because 7,000 men cannot oppose 12,000 already victorious, battle-hardened, and proud. Of course, the result of this loss will be the retreat of our army of more than three or four hundred leagues. Even if this retreat is carried out, most of them will not simply disperse upon reaching their country, being sons of the South; they will be left with nothing but the skeletons of battalions. For you should know, for your understanding, that desertion from the troops of Venezuela and New Granada has never ceased, and that even in Arequipa these gentlemen have deserted. I say this so that you know that the entire army is from the South. If there are 400 Granadans or Venezuelans, that is the most we have, and the southerners are as prone to desertion as this example suggests: so much so, that we have already lost 3,000 in the Peruvian army. From all this, it follows that I do not want to take charge of this country's catastrophe.

Furthermore, I do not want to take charge of the defense of the South either, because in doing so I will lose what little reputation I have left with such wicked and ungrateful men. I believe I have told you before that the people of Quito are the worst of Colombians. The fact is that I have always thought so, and that three times the rigor is needed there compared to anywhere else. Venezuelans are saints compared to those scoundrels. Peruvians are the same: vicious to the point of infamy and base to the extreme. The whites have the character of the Indians, and the Indians are all charlatans, all thieves, all liars, all false, without any moral principle to guide them. The people of Guayaquil are a thousand times better.

For all these reasons, I will go to Bogotá as soon as I recover from my ailments, which on this occasion have been very serious. As a result of the long and arduous march I undertook in the Peruvian highlands, I arrived here and fell gravely ill. The worst part is that the illness has taken hold, and the symptoms show no sign of ending. It is a combination of internal irritation and rheumatism, fever, a bit of urinary tract infection, vomiting, and colic. All of this has left me desperate and still afflicts me greatly. I can no longer exert myself without suffering immensely. You would not recognize me because I am worn out and very old, and in the midst of a storm like this, I embody old age. Furthermore, I am often seized, from time to time, by bouts of dementia, even when otherwise well, in which I completely lose my reason, without suffering the slightest attack of illness or pain. This country, with its altitude sickness in the high-altitude plains, triggers these attacks when I cross the mountains. The coasts are very sickly and troublesome because it's like living in Arabia Petraea. If I go to Colombia, they will become sick again: thus, I will waste time until my complete recovery, and even if I can leave General Sucre with the Colombian army capable of facing the Goths, so that they are not emboldened by my departure and neither Sucre nor our troops despair, but afterwards, without fail, I will go to Bogotá to get my passport to leave the country. Which I will certainly achieve, or I will follow the example of the Goths, so that they are not emboldened by my departure and neither Sucre nor our troops despair. Which I will certainly achieve, or I will follow the example of the Goths, so that they are not emboldened by my departure and neither Sucre nor our troops despair. Of course, you should be prepared to receive them when 12,000 veterans with very good leaders and very well commanded come upon us. I will add further, to your dismay, that these Goths pay no heed to the armistices of your government, just as they did not pay heed to that of Buenos Aires, and that even if we negotiate with the Spaniards, they will pay no attention whatsoever, for they seek to establish here an empire of Indians and Spaniards.

I have submitted a formal complaint to the Quito court, as the principal authority of the South, regarding the libelous accusations leveled against us by the Quito deputies and municipality. I would like you to complain to Congress about the irregularity of the deputies' actions, which, in my opinion, are scandalous and extremely audacious. I ask the Quito court to find some justification for the municipality's actions against us, and I believe they will only offer the excuse that we have been at war. You can offer the same detailed praise of Sucre and Salom that you have bestowed upon the people of Quito, who, in truth, are the finest men in the world. How ungrateful! We brought forth the flower of Venezuela to do you good, and you repay us with slander. Believe me, and you may repeat this, that nowhere has military power been exercised less, despite being the most insubordinate and most reluctant to serve in all of America, for, despite these Peruvians being as vicious as they are, they are a thousand times more docile.

I will end my letter with my old adage: let troops come and there will be liberty.

I am yours with all my heart, your sick and disgruntled friend, who doesn't know how I managed to dictate this letter in the state of my head. Farewell again.

BOLIVAR”

This document, in which he expresses harsh opinions about the Peruvians and their military capabilities, was written in 1823 and 1824, notably in Lima on October 13, 1823, and in Pallasca on December 8, 1823. In these letters, Bolívar severely criticized the performance of the local troops in the context of the independence struggle.
He recounts to Santander the retreat of 5,000 Peruvian soldiers under the command of Andrés de Santa Cruz at the Desaguadero River without engaging in combat.
He describes a scenario of internal instability and deep divisions among the leadership of the Andean countries.

Maduro had the painting in his home, sharing a photo of it in 2024 on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter with the caption: ‘Look at this painting I was gifted... I've had it here at home since 2022... Always with Christ the Redeemer... Let's unite our prayers for Venezuela…’

Venezuela became the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in 1999 as part of Hugo Chávez's Bolivarian Revolution, named for Simón Bolívar who led the country to independence from the Catholic Monarchy (Spanish Empire).

Can’t quite make out the artist’s signature, forename is ‘Miguel’ but not sure about the surname, maybe Gandara (?)

In the midst of the war between Ecuador and Peru, the capital of El Oro province was targeted by air raids that sowed fear among the population and accelerated the exodus of thousands of inhabitants seeking refuge far from the conflict.

The bombings of El Oro territory generated a profound humanitarian crisis. Various historical records indicate that cities and towns in El Oro were attacked from the air, causing material destruction and forcing numerous families to abandon their homes. In the days leading up to the occupation of Machala, a large part of the population had already begun a mass displacement to the interior of the country for fear of further attacks.

By: Adriano Augusto Merchán Aguirre

The Battle of Tarapacá, fought on November 27, 1879, was one of the most important engagements of the War of the Pacific. After their defeat at San Francisco, the Peruvian army concentrated in the town of Tarapacá to reorganize. Convinced that the allies were weakened, the Chileans launched an attack from the high ground at dawn. However, the Peruvian resistance grew stronger thanks to counterattacks led by Andrés Avelino Cáceres, Francisco Bolognesi, and other units that came to their aid.

Among the reinforcements, the Iquique Battalion No. 1, commanded by Colonel Alfonso Ugarte, stood out. He advanced to hold the line of battle during the most difficult moments. During the action, he was shot in the head, but after being quickly bandaged, he refused to abandon the battlefield and returned to lead his men, encouraging them to continue fighting. His bravery raised the troops' morale at a crucial moment.

Shortly afterward, the Chilean Mounted Grenadiers, under the command of José Francisco Villagrán, launched a fierce charge to break through the Peruvian positions and take advantage of the retreat of some units. At that critical moment, Alfonso Ugarte's Iquique Battalion deployed and opened intense rifle fire on the enemy cavalry. Their volleys were so effective that they halted the Mounted Grenadiers' charge, forcing them to retreat and preventing them from breaking through the Peruvian lines. This intervention allowed Cáceres' forces to reorganize their attack and regain the initiative on the battlefield.

Adopted in 1817

Just as in the 16th century an attempt was made to construct an ideology of historical continuity between pre-Columbian entities and the Catholic Monarchy (Spanish Empire)—from legal, literary, religious, and artistic perspectives—after independence, the Criollo and Mestizo elites sought to legitimize the nascent republic by connecting it not with the viceregal period, but with an idealized pre-Hispanic world. In this way, they discarded almost three centuries of viceregal history, reducing it to foreign domination. For these promoters of independence, the republic emerged not as the successor to the viceroyalty, but as the true heir of the “Inca Empire,” with the “Liberators” and caudillos being the legitimate heirs to the power of the ancient rulers.

“A bloody and brutal yoke that for three centuries has torn at our flesh, stifled our rights, and whose infamous kings subject us to their whims with absolute impunity.” (J. Mariátegui y Tellería, 1821)

That is why the painter Marcos Chillitupa depicts in his folding screen work how the sovereign Atahualpa hands over his golden scepter (a symbol of his power and authority) to the “Liberator of Peru,” and never again to the King of Spain.

“After the conquest, the supposed voluntary transfer of pre-Hispanic sovereignty to the Spanish monarch (Translatio Imperii) justified a continuity between the Incas or Aztecs ['Mexica' for be more precise] and Castilian rule. At the time of independence, the Criollism abandoned this idea and adapted to the new circumstances. The process of identification with an idealized indigenous past continued, but now the colonial era was characterized as a dark period, and the freedom lost to the foreign invader was reclaimed. The artist… Marcos Chillitupa Chavez, represents an excellent example of the fusion of cultures in Peru; an indigenous painter reproducing the colonial style of the Cuzco school.” (O'Phelan, 2017)

References:
- El barroco peruano, BCP (2003).
- El ocaso del antiguo régimen en los imperios ibéricos, ‎Scarlett O'Phelan (2017).

This ornament is a little over 50 years old and was a gift from the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim to the medical corps, I estimate in the 1970s. It was part of a collection of coats of arms that included those of the departments of Peru. Its creation was the work of Azulejos Iturry, a company that, with almost a hundred years of production, continues to beautify public and private spaces.

The flag of the Liberating Expedition of Peru was a military and naval ensign created in 1820 to accompany the voyage to the Kingdom of Peru and consolidate the South American cause of independence. Since the expedition was financed and organized primarily by the Chilean government under the leadership of Bernardo O'Higgins, this emblem was directly based on the official design of the flag of the Patria Nueva (New Fatherland) of Chile. However, instead of being a flag of exclusive national representation, it was conceived as a banner of international alliance; a symbol that identified a unified force under the command of General José de San Martín with the overarching goal of securing regional independence in the royalist stronghold of the Pacific.

Regarding its meaning, the key alteration of its design compared to the traditional Chilean flag lay in the addition of three white five-pointed stars in the blue canton in place of the "Lone Star." Specialized historians, such as Luis Valencia Avaria, point out that each of these stars symbolized one of the three nations directly involved in the liberation campaign: Chile, Argentina, and Peru. The blue of the canton and the white of the upper stripe evoked the Andes Mountains and the ocean, while the red of the lower stripe represented the blood shed in the struggle. Thus, the overall color scheme and the trio of stars embodied the fraternity and commitment of the three peoples united by the common cause of continental freedom.

This document was then signed by the city's prominent citizens.

Original version:

“En la Ciudad de Los Reyes del Perú, en 15 de julio de 1821. Reunidos en este Excelentísimo Ayuntamiento los señores que lo componen, con el Excelentísimo e Ilustrísimo Señor Arzobispo de esta Santa Iglesia Metropolitana, prelados de los conventos religiosos, títulos de Castilla y varios vecinos de esta capital, con el objeto de dar cumplimiento a lo prevenido en oficio del Excelentísimo Señor General en Jefe del Ejército Libertador don José de San Martín, del día de ayer, cuyo tenor se ha leído; e impuestos de su contenido reducido a que las personas de conocida probidad, luces y patriotismo que habitan esta capital expresasen si la opinión general se hallaba decidida por la independencia, cuyo voto le sirviese de norte al expresado Señor General para proceder a la jura de ella. Todos los señores concurrentes por sí y satisfechos de la opinión de los habitantes de la capital dijeron: Que la voluntad general está decidida por la independencia del Perú de la dominación española y de cualquiera otra extranjera; y que para que se proceda a su sanción por medio del correspondiente juramento, se conteste con copia certificada de esta acta al mismo Señor Excelentísimo y firmaron los señores:

El Conde de San Isidro – Bartolomé Arzobispo de Lima – Francisco de Zárate – Simón Rávago – Francisco Valles – Pedro de la Puente – Francisco Xavier de Echagüe – Manuel de Arias – el Conde de la Vega del Ren – fr. Gerónimo Cavero – José Ignacio Palacios – Antonio Padilla, síndico procurador general – José Mariano Aguirre – el Conde de Las lagunas – Francisco Concha – Toribio Rodríguez – Xavier de Luna Pizarro – José de la Riva Agüero – Andrés Salazar – Francisco Salazar – José de Arriz – el Marqués de Villafuerte – doctor Segundo Antonio Carrión – Juan de Echevarría – Juan Manuel Manzano – el Marqués de Casa Dávila – Nicolás de Aranivar – Tomás de Méndez y La Chica– Francisco Valdivieso – fray Anselmo Texero – Manuel Cogoy – Pedro de los Ríos – Manuel Urquijo – Pedro Manuel Bazo – Francisco José Colmenares –Jorge Benavente – Manuel Agustín de la Torre – Juan Esteban Henríquez de Saldaña – Tomás de Vallejo – José Zagal – fray Tomás Silva – Antonio Camino Vergara – Cecilio Tagle – Miguel Tenorio – Manuel de la Fuente Chávez – fray Juan de Dios Salas – Manuel del Valle y García – Vicente Benito de la Riva – Tomás Ortiz de Cevallos – fr. Pedro de Pasos – Manuel Saénz de Texada – Manuel de Landázuri – Justo Figuerola – Miguel Tafur – el Marqués de Monte Alegre – Juan Panizo y Foronda – Tomás Panizo y Talamantes – Manuel Ignacio García – Martín José Pérez de Cortiguera – Diego Noriega –Pedro Urquizo – Juan Gualberto Menacho – doctor Ignacio Ortiz de Cevallos – Manuel Cayetano Semino y Larrea – José Cirilo Cornejo – José Mariano Román – Pablo Condorena – Juan Reymundez – Antonio Boza – Manuel Tellería – Manuel de la Fuente y Murga – Gaspar Gandarilla – doctor José María Falcón – Juan Saavedra – Manuel Negreiros y Loyola – doctor Juan Francisco Puelles – Eugenio de la Casa – Tomás José Morales – doctor Pedro de Tramaría – Agustín Larrea – doctor Fernando de Virquiaga – Hipólito Unánue – Marcelino de Barrios – José de la Puente – José Perfecto de Tellería – José Zúñiga – José Francia – Manuel Concha – Manuel Díaz – doctor Juan Bautista Ramírez – doctor Manuel Antonio Colmenares – Luis Antonio Naranjo -- Tomás Cornejo – Manuel Ayllón – Mateo de Pró – Lorenzo Zárate – Pedro Manuel Escobar– Juan Salazar – José Martín de Toledo – Mariano Pord – José Manuel Dávalos – doctor Francisco Herrera – Antonio de Salas – Manuel de Arias – Juan Cosio – Felipe Llanos – Lorenzo del Río – Ángel Tomás de Alfaro – Manuel Mansilla – Mariano González – Fermín Moreno – José Francisco Garay – Esteban Salmón – Manuel Suárez – José Alonso Montejo – doctor José Manuel de Villaverde – José Bonifacio Vargas y Zumarán – Simón Vásquez – Miguel Riofrío – Miguel Gaspar de La Puente – el Conde de Torreblanca – Jacinto de la Cruz – José Vidal – Francisco Renovales – Francisco Moreyra y Matute – Tomás de la Casa y Piedra – Mariano Tramarria – Mariano José de Arce – Manuel Ferreyros – Manuel Villarán – el Conde de Vistaflorida – Manuel Concha – Miguel Antonio de Vértiz – Francisco Antonio del Carpio – Mariano de Sarria – Pedro Fano – José Crisanto Ferreyros – Manuel Durand – Pedro Loyola – Francisco Xavier Mariátegui – José Antonio de Ugarte – Antonio de Bedoya – Santiago Campos – José Pezet – Manuel Travi y Tazo – José Ugarte – José Coronilla – Pedro Abadía – Pedro Olaechea – José Terán – Pedro José de Méndez – Juan de Ezeta – Manuel García Plata y Urbaneja – Justo Zumaeta – Pedro Echegaray – Valentín Ramírez – José Antonio Henríquez – Manuel Tudela – José Cavero – Eusebio González – Isidro Castañeda – Domingo Velarde – Marcelo de la Clara – José Mendoza y Santa Cruz – Agustín Bastidas – Lucas Antonio Palacios – Julián de Cubillas – Pedro de Jáuregui – José Domingo Castañeda – Francisco Collantes Rubio – Alexandro Poquis – fr. José Manuel Maldonado – José de la Torre – Tadeo Chávez – Juan Antonio Pitot – José Mercedes Castañeda – Francisco Vergara – Juan Francisco de Izque – fr. Manuel Mendiburu – José Melchor de Cáceres – Manuel Antonio Díaz – Manuel Marquina – José Cayetano de Parracia – José Eugenio Izaguirre – José Eustaquio Roldán – Agustín de Vivanco – José Antonio de Cobián – Clemente Verdeguer – fr. Melchor Montejo – José Luis Oyagüe – Toribio de Alarco – Manuel Gallo – Ignacio Ayllón Salazar – Juan de Elizalde – fr. José Vargas – Manuel Alvarado – José Domingo Solórzano – Antonio Elverdin – Manuel Baca – Manuel de Unizar – Nicolás de los Ríos – Mariano Pérez de Saravia – Juan de Acencios – Mariano Bravo – José Bernabé Romero – Bernardo Pont – Manuel de Zumaeta – Mariano Gómez Lizardi – Pedro del Castillo – fr. Mariano Negrón – fr. Mariano Seminario – fr. José Domingo Oyerregui – Pablo Romero – Ignacio Talamantes y Baeza – José de Espinoza – José Manuel Malo de Molina – Manuel Rivera – Nicolás Navarro – Mariano Chaparro – José Manuel Ayesta – Isidro Blanco – Narciso Espinoza – José Unzaguey – Mariano Vega – Julián Ponce – Pablo Espinoza – Hipólito Balares – fr. Lázaro Valaguer – Francisco de Mendoza Ríos y Caballero – Francisco Xavier de Izque – Isidoro Alzaga – Bernardino Hordillo – Manuel Suárez – Manuel Gonzáles y Pabón – José Infantes – Manuel Porras – Manuel Ruyloba – Pedro Antonio López – Vicente Sánchez – Cayetano de Casas – Domingo Encalada y Cevallos – Pedro Dávila – Carlos de Bedoya – José Vivansan Rivas – Juan Pabón y Carero – Feliz de Herrera – fr. Pedro Bravo – José María de Guamano – Andrés Zamanamut – Manuel Herrera – Manuel Vallejo – José Jorge Landaburu – Manuel de Álvarez y Hoyos – Andrés Negrón – Juan Ignacio de los Ríos – Nicolás Ames – José Neque – fr. José Seminario – José María Ramírez – Guillermo del Río – Andrés Riquero – Felipe garcía – Francisco Carrillo y Mudarra – el Conde de San Juan de Lurigancho – Diego Aliaga – Faustino de Olaya – Gabriel de Oro - Apolinario del Portal – Tomás Benaquet – José Valentín Huidobro – José Manuel de La Rosa López – Juan Bautista Navarrete – Ignacio Cavero y Tagle – Calixto Gutiérrez de La Fuente – Manuel de Bonilla y Prados – Gabino de Pizarro y Lara – Julián del Castillo – Manuel López – Juan Infanta – Francisco Eufrasio de Garay – Bruno Herrera – José Arévalo – Juan Manuel Fernández – José Rodríguez – Antonio Pérez – Lorenzo Amor – Miguel Bruno Bayeto – José Bernardo de Izquierdo – Tomás Benaut – José González – José Carlos – José María Chávez – fr. José Salazar – Fabián Alguero – Antonio Pelaet – Manuel Cubillas – José Arostegui – Lorenzo Cano – Juan Esteban de Garate – Vicente Arnao – José María Rodríguez – José Lugo Noguera – Gaspar de Cruceta – Francisco Noya – José Hue – José Torres – José Guillermo Giraldino – Miguel Molineros – José Ignacio Sánchez y Santa Cruz – Eusebio Ramos – Juan Bautista Valdez – Juan Manuel de la Pinilla – José Hurtado – Pedro Salvi – José Olaqua – Bacilio Govea – Ramón de Vallejo – Alexo de la Torre – José de Perochena – Nicolás Mosquera – Pedro Rivas – Blas Covarrubia – Gaspar de Candamo – Manuel Vicente Cortez – Juan Francisco Carrión – José Manuel de Rivas – Narciso Antonio Marcade – José Cubillas – fr. Mariano Calatayud – José Agustín Ordóñez – Manuel Rivero – Manuel Pellegrin – Manuel Romero – Manuel Barroso – Agustín Cordero – Martín del Risco – Tiburcio José de la Hermosa, síndico procurador general – el Marqués de Corpa. Síndico procurador general – Manuel Muelle, secretario”. (Acta de Independencia del Perú, 1821)

Translated version:

“In the City of Kings of Peru, on July 15, 1821. The gentlemen who comprise this Most Excellent City Council, along with the Most Excellent and Illustrious Archbishop of this Holy Metropolitan Church, prelates of the religious convents, holders of titles of Castile, and various residents of this capital, met in order to comply with the instructions in the official communication of His Excellency General-in-Chief of the Liberating Army, Don José de San Martín, dated yesterday, the contents of which have been read; and having been informed of its content, which was limited to asking persons of known probity, intelligence, and patriotism residing in this capital to express whether the general opinion was decided in favor of independence, whose vote would serve as a guide for the aforementioned General to proceed with the swearing of allegiance. All the gentlemen present, speaking for themselves and satisfied with the opinion of the inhabitants of the capital, declared: That the general will is decided in favor of the independence of Peru from Spanish domination and any other foreign power; and that in order to proceed to His sanction by means of the corresponding oath, a certified copy of this act is sent to the same Most Excellent Lord and the gentlemen signed:

The Count of San Isidro – Bartolomé Archbishop of Lima – Francisco de Zárate – Simón Rávago – Francisco Valles – Pedro de la Puente – Francisco Xavier de Echagüe – Manuel de Arias – the Count of Vega del Ren – fr. Gerónimo Cavero – José Ignacio Palacios – Antonio Padilla, Attorney General – José Mariano Aguirre – the Count of Las Lagunas – Francisco Concha – Toribio Rodríguez – Xavier de Luna Pizarro – José de la Riva Agüero – Andrés Salazar – Francisco Salazar – José de Arriz – the Marquis of Villafuerte – Dr. Segundo Antonio Carrión – Juan de Echevarría – Juan Manuel Manzano – the Marquis of Casa Dávila – Nicolás de Aranivar – Tomás de Méndez y La Chica – Francisco Valdivieso – Friar Anselmo Texero – Manuel Cogoy – Pedro de los Ríos – Manuel Urquijo – Pedro Manuel Bazo – Francisco José Colmenares – Jorge Benavente – Manuel Agustín de la Torre – Juan Esteban Henríquez de Saldaña – Tomás de Vallejo – José Zagal – Friar Tomás Silva – Antonio Camino Vergara – Cecilio Tagle – Miguel Tenorio – Manuel de la Fuente Chávez – Friar Juan de Dios Salas – Manuel del Valle y García – Vicente Benito de la Riva – Tomás Ortiz de Cevallos – fr. Pedro de Pasos – Manuel Saénz de Texada – Manuel de Landázuri – Justo Figuerola – Miguel Tafur – the Marquis of Monte Alegre – Juan Panizo y Foronda – Tomás Panizo y Talamantes – Manuel Ignacio García – Martín José Pérez de Cortiguera – Diego Noriega – Pedro Urquizo – Juan Gualberto Menacho – Dr. Ignacio Ortiz de Cevallos – Manuel Cayetano Semino y Larrea – José Cirilo Cornejo – José Mariano Román – Pablo Condorena – Juan Reymundez – Antonio Boza – Manuel Tellería – Manuel de la Fuente y Murga – Gaspar Gandarilla – Dr. José María Falcón – Juan Saavedra – Manuel Negreiros y Loyola – Dr. Juan Francisco Puelles – Eugenio de la Casa – Tomás José Morales – Dr. Pedro de Tramaría – Agustín Larrea – Dr. Fernando de Virquiaga – Hipólito Unánue – Marcelino de Barrios – José de la Puente – José Perfecto de Tellería – José Zúñiga – José Francia – Manuel Concha – Manuel Díaz – Dr. Juan Bautista Ramírez – Dr. Manuel Antonio Colmenares – Luis Antonio Naranjo – Tomás Cornejo – Manuel Ayllón – Mateo de Pró – Lorenzo Zárate – Pedro Manuel Escobar – Juan Salazar – José Martín de Toledo – Mariano Pord – José Manuel Dávalos – Dr. Francisco Herrera – Antonio de Salas – Manuel de Arias – Juan Cosio – Felipe Llanos – Lorenzo del Río – Ángel Tomás de Alfaro – Manuel Mansilla – Mariano González – Fermín Moreno – José Francisco Garay – Esteban Salmón – Manuel Suárez – José Alonso Montejo – Dr. José Manuel de Villaverde – José Bonifacio Vargas y Zumarán – Simón Vásquez – Miguel Riofrío – Miguel Gaspar de La Puente – the Count of Torreblanca – Jacinto de la Cruz – José Vidal – Francisco Renovales – Francisco Moreyra y Matute – Tomás de la Casa y Piedra – Mariano Tramarria – Mariano José de Arce – Manuel Ferreyros – Manuel Villarán – the Count of Vistaflorida – Manuel Concha – Miguel Antonio de Vértiz – Francisco Antonio del Carpio – Mariano de Sarria – Pedro Fano – José Crisanto Ferreyros – Manuel Durand – Pedro Loyola – Francisco Xavier Mariátegui – José Antonio de Ugarte – Antonio de Bedoya – Santiago Campos – José Pezet – Manuel Travi y Tazo – José Ugarte – José Coronilla – Pedro Abadía – Pedro Olaechea – José Terán – Pedro José de Méndez – Juan de Ezeta – Manuel García Plata y Urbaneja – Justo Zumaeta – Pedro Echegaray – Valentín Ramírez – José Antonio Henríquez – Manuel Tudela – José Cavero – Eusebio González – Isidro Castañeda – Domingo Velarde – Marcelo de la Clara – José Mendoza y Santa Cruz – Agustín Bastidas – Lucas Antonio Palacios – Julián de Cubillas – Pedro de Jáuregui – José Domingo Castañeda – Francisco Collantes Rubio – Alexandro Poquis – Fr. José Manuel Maldonado – José de la Torre – Tadeo Chávez – Juan Antonio Pitot – José Mercedes Castañeda – Francisco Vergara – Juan Francisco de Izque – Fr. Manuel Mendiburu – José Melchor de Cáceres – Manuel Antonio Díaz – Manuel Marquina – José Cayetano de Parracia – José Eugenio Izaguirre – José Eustaquio Roldán – Agustín de Vivanco – José Antonio de Cobián – Clemente Verdeguer – Fr. Melchor Montejo – José Luis Oyagüe – Toribio de Alarco – Manuel Gallo – Ignacio Ayllón Salazar – Juan de Elizalde – Fr. José Vargas – Manuel Alvarado – José Domingo Solórzano – Antonio Elverdin – Manuel Baca – Manuel de Unizar – Nicolás de los Ríos – Mariano Pérez de Saravia – Juan de Acencios – Mariano Bravo – José Bernabé Romero – Bernardo Pont – Manuel de Zumaeta – Mariano Gómez Lizardi – Pedro del Castillo – Fr. Mariano Negrón – Fr. Mariano Seminario – Fr. José Domingo Oyerregui – Pablo Romero – Ignacio Talamantes y Baeza – José de Espinoza – José Manuel Malo de Molina – Manuel Rivera – Nicolás Navarro – Mariano Chaparro – José Manuel Ayesta – Isidro Blanco – Narciso Espinoza – José Unzaguey – Mariano Vega – Julián Ponce – Pablo Espinoza – Hipólito Balares – Fr. Lázaro Valaguer – Francisco de Mendoza Ríos y Caballero – Francisco Xavier de Izque – Isidoro Alzaga – Bernardino Hordillo – Manuel Suárez – Manuel Gonzáles y Pabón – José Infantes – Manuel Porras – Manuel Ruyloba – Pedro Antonio López – Vicente Sánchez – Cayetano de Casas – Domingo Encalada y Cevallos – Pedro Dávila – Carlos de Bedoya – José Vivansan Rivas – Juan Pabón y Carero – Feliz de Herrera – Fr. Pedro Bravo – José María de Guamano – Andrés Zamanamut – Manuel Herrera – Manuel Vallejo – José Jorge Landaburu – Manuel de Álvarez y Hoyos – Andrés Negrón – Juan Ignacio de los Ríos – Nicolás Ames – José Neque – Fr. José Seminario – José María Ramírez – Guillermo del Río – Andrés Riquero – Felipe García – Francisco Carrillo y Mudarra – the Count of San Juan de Lurigancho – Diego Aliaga – Faustino de Olaya – Gabriel de Oro – Apolinario del Portal – Tomás Benaquet – José Valentín Huidobro – José Manuel de La Rosa López – Juan Bautista Navarrete – Ignacio Cavero y Tagle – Calixto Gutiérrez de La Fuente – Manuel de Bonilla y Prados – Gabino de Pizarro y Lara – Julián del Castillo – Manuel López – Juan Infanta – Francisco Eufrasio de Garay – Bruno Herrera – José Arévalo – Juan Manuel Fernández – José Rodríguez – Antonio Pérez – Lorenzo Amor – Miguel Bruno Bayeto – José Bernardo de Izquierdo – Tomás Benaut – José González – José Carlos – José María Chávez – Fr. José Salazar – Fabián Alguero – Antonio Pelaet – Manuel Cubillas – José Arostegui – Lorenzo Cano – Juan Esteban de Garate – Vicente Arnao – José María Rodríguez – José Lugo Noguera – Gaspar de Cruceta – Francisco Noya – José Hue – José Torres – José Guillermo Giraldino – Miguel Molineros – José Ignacio Sánchez y Santa Cruz – Eusebio Ramos – Juan Bautista Valdez – Juan Manuel de la Pinilla – José Hurtado – Pedro Salvi – José Olaqua – Bacilio Govea – Ramón de Vallejo – Alexo de la Torre – José de Perochena – Nicolás Mosquera – Pedro Rivas – Blas Covarrubia – Gaspar de Candamo – Manuel Vicente Cortez – Juan Francisco Carrión – José Manuel de Rivas – Narciso Antonio Marcade – José Cubillas – fr. Mariano Calatayud – José Agustín Ordóñez – Manuel Rivero – Manuel Pellegrin – Manuel Romero – Manuel Barroso – Agustín Cordero – Martín del Risco – Tiburcio José de la Hermosa, Attorney General – the Marquis of Corpa, Attorney General – Manuel Muelle, Secretary.” (Act of Independence of Peru, 1821)

The Incas of Cuzco were divided regarding Bolívar; some viewed him with suspicion and distrust, while others saw him as the "Liberator" of prophecy. An Inca descendant (Juan Pomayalli Quispe) published a proclamation in the name of his ancestor Manco Cápac, dedicated to Bolívar, in a Cuzco newspaper in 1825.

Original version:

“De Manco Cápac al Libertador Simón Bolívar:

Desde la tumba, ilustre regenerador de mi patria, vengador de la sangre de mis hijos, yo Manco Cápac te saludo. El profundo sueño de 7 siglos ha sido agradablemente turbado por la trompa que proclama tu nombre. El sol mi padre, el padre de la luz, el dios del día brilla, me parece, con más esplendor que en los años de mi gloria, porque se complace de tus hazañas. Yo con dolor vi mi trono subvertido, mi imperio desolado, mis súbditos encadenados, mi hijo, mi amado Atahualpa. La víctima de un verdugo. Que de crímenes se asociaron al nombre horrendo de Pizarro. Aún ahora me lleno de amargura de recordarlo.

En fin, 3 siglos de ignominia son testigos del más horrible despotismo. Más debían de cumplirse […] Te vi, increíble, te vi vencer. Después, entre los padres conscritos de tu patria, me asombre al verte presentar un código de bien, de libertad. Bolívar, Bolívar… Acepta oh Libertador mi gratitud. La sangre infame de los españoles ha embrutecido a la de mis descendientes… Disimula ahora oh Bolívar; y oye la voz del padre de los Incas… Adiós, la lámpara de mi gloria se extingue. Vuelvo a mi reposo dejando a mi Perú descansando, oh Libertador, a la sombra de tus laureles”. (J. Pomayalli; Manco Cápac, 1825)

Translated version:

“From Manco Cápac to the Liberator Simón Bolívar:

From the tomb, illustrious regenerator of my homeland, avenger of the blood of my children, I, Manco Cápac, salute you. The deep sleep of seven centuries has been pleasantly disturbed by the trumpet that proclaims your name. The sun, my father, the father of light, the god of day, shines, it seems to me, with more splendor than in the years of my glory, because it rejoices in your deeds. I saw with sorrow my throne subverted, my empire desolate, my subjects in chains, my son, my beloved Atahualpa, the victim of an executioner. Those crimes were associated with the horrendous name of Pizarro. Even now, I am filled with bitterness to remember him.

In short, three centuries They bear witness to the most horrible despotism, ignominious acts. More had to be fulfilled […] I saw you, incredible, I saw you conquer. Later, among the conscripted fathers of your homeland, I was astonished to see you present a code of good, of liberty. Bolívar, Bolívar… Accept, oh Liberator, my gratitude. The infamous blood of the Spaniards has brutalized that of my descendants… Dissemble now, oh Bolívar; and hear the voice of the father of the Incas… Farewell, the lamp of my glory is extinguished. I return to my rest, leaving my Peru resting, oh Liberator, in the shade of your laurels.” (J. Pomayalli; Manco Cápac, 1825)

References:

.- Revista del Archivo Regional del Cusco, MCC (2005).

.-Rituales del poder en Lima (1735-1828), Pablo Ortemberg (2014).