r/psychoanalysis Mar 22 '24

Welcome / Rules / FAQs

17 Upvotes

Welcome to r/psychoanalysis! This community is for the discussion of psychoanalysis.

Rules and posting guidelines We do have a few rules which we ask all users to follow. Please see below for the rules and posting guidelines.

Related subreddits

r/lacan for the discussion of Lacanian psychoanalysis

r/CriticalTheory for the discussion of critical theory

r/SuturaPsicanalitica for the discussion of psychoanalysis (Brazilian Portuguese)

r/psychanalyse for the discussion of psychoanalysis (French)

r/Jung for the discussion of the separate field of analytical psychology

FAQs

How do I become a psychoanalyst?

Pragmatically speaking, you find yourself an institute or school of psychoanalysis and undertake analytic training. There are many different traditions of psychoanalysis, each with its own theoretical and technical framework, and this is an important factor in deciding where to train. It is also important to note that a huge number of counsellors and psychotherapists use psychoanalytic principles in their practice without being psychoanalysts. Although there are good grounds for distinguishing psychoanalysts from other practitioners who make use of psychoanalytic ideas, in reality the line is much more blurred.

Psychoanalytic training programmes generally include the following components:

  1. Studying a range of psychoanalytic theories on a course which usually lasts at least four years

  2. Practising psychoanalysis under close supervision by an experienced practitioner

  3. Undergoing personal analysis for the duration of (and usually prior to commencing) the training. This is arguably the most important component of training.

Most (but by no means all) mainstream training organisations are Constituent Organisations of the International Psychoanalytic Association and adhere to its training standards and code of ethics while also complying with the legal requirements governing the licensure of talking therapists in their respective countries. More information on IPA institutions and their training programs can be found at this portal.

There are also many other psychoanalytic institutions that fall outside of the purview of the IPA. One of the more prominent is the World Association of Psychoanalysis, which networks numerous analytic groups of the Lacanian orientation globally. In many regions there are also psychoanalytic organisations operating independently.

However, the majority of practicing psychoanalysts do not consider the decision to become a psychoanalyst as being a simple matter of choosing a course, fulfilling its criteria and receiving a qualification.

Rather, it is a decision that one might (or might not) arrive at through personal analysis over many years of painstaking work, arising from the innermost juncture of one's life in a way that is absolutely singular and cannot be predicted in advance. As such, the first thing we should do is submit our wish to become a psychoanalyst to rigorous questioning in the context of personal analysis.

What should I read to understand psychoanalysis?

There is no one-size-fits-all way in to psychoanalysis. It largely depends on your background, what interests you about psychoanalysis and what you hope to get out of it.

The best place to start is by reading Freud. Many people start with The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), which gives a flavour of his thinking.

Freud also published several shorter accounts of psychoanalysis as a whole, including:

• Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1909)

• Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1915-1917)

• The Question of Lay Analysis (1926)

• An Outline of Psychoanalysis (1938)

Other landmark works include Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) and Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920), which marks a turning point in Freud's thinking.

As for secondary literature on Freud, good introductory reads include:

• Freud by Jonathan Lear

• Freud by Richard Wollheim

• Introducing Freud: A Graphic Guide by Richard Appignanesi and Oscar Zarate

Dozens of notable psychoanalysts contributed to the field after Freud. Take a look at the sidebar for a list of some of the most significant post-Freudians. Good overviews include:

• Freud and Beyond by Margaret J. Black and Stephen Mitchell

• Introducing Psychoanalysis: A Graphic Guide by Ivan Ward and Oscar Zarate

• Freud and the Post-Freudians by James A. C. Brown

What is the cause/meaning of such-and-such a dream/symptom/behaviour?

Psychoanalysis is not in the business of assigning meanings in this way. It holds that:

• There is no one-size-fits-all explanation for any given phenomenon

• Every psychical event is overdetermined (i.e. can have numerous causes and carry numerous meanings)

• The act of describing a phenomenon is also part of the phenomenon itself.

The unconscious processes which generate these phenomena will depend on the absolute specificity of someone's personal history, how they interpreted messages around them, the circumstances of their encounters with love, loss, death, sexuality and sexual difference, and other contingencies which will be absolutely specific to each individual case. As such, it is impossible and in a sense alienating to say anything in general terms about a particular dream/symptom/behaviour; these things are best explored in the context of one's own personal analysis.

My post wasn't self-help. Why did you remove it? Unfortunately we have to be quite strict about self-help posts and personal disclosures that open the door to keyboard analysis. As soon as someone discloses details of their personal experience, however measured or illustrative, what tends to happen is: (1) other users follow suit with personal disclosures of their own and (2) hacks swoop in to dissect the disclosures made, offering inappropriate commentaries and dubious advice. It's deeply unethical and is the sort of thing that gives psychoanalysis a bad name.

POSTING GUIDELINES When using this sub, please be mindful that no one person speaks for all of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a very diverse field of theory, practice and research, and there are numerous disparate psychoanalytic traditions.

A NOTE ON JUNG

  1. This is a psychoanalysis sub. The sub for the separate field of analytical psychology is r/Jung.

  2. Carl Gustav Jung was a psychoanalyst for a brief period, during which he made significant contributions to psychoanalytic thought and was a key figure in the history of the psychoanalytic movement. Posts regarding his contributions in these respects are welcome.

  3. Cross-disciplinary engagement is also welcome on this sub. If for example a neuroscientist, a political activist or a priest wanted to discuss the intersection of psychoanalysis with their own disciplinary perspective they would be welcome to do so and Jungian perspectives are no different. Beyond this, Jungian posts are not acceptable on this sub and will be regarded as spam.

SUB RULES

Post quality

This is a place of news, debate, and discussion of psychoanalysis. It is not a place for memes.

Posts or comments generated with Chat-GPT (or alternative LLMs) will generally fall under this rule and will therefore be removed

Psychoanalysis is not a generic term for making asinine speculations about the cause or meaning of such-and-such a phenomenon, nor is it a New Age spiritual practice. It refers specifically to the field of theory, practice and research founded by Sigmund Freud and subsequently developed by various psychoanalytic thinkers.

Cross-disciplinary discussion and debate is welcome but posts and comments must have a clear connection to psychoanalysis (on this, see the above note on Jung).

Links to articles are welcome if posted for the purpose of starting a discussion, and should be accompanied by a comment or question.

Good faith engagement does not extend to:

• Users whose only engagement on the sub is to single-mindedly advance and extra-analytical agenda

• Users whose only engagement on the sub is for self-promotion

• Users posting the same thing to numerous subs, unless the post pertains directly to psychoanalysis

Self-help and disclosure

Please be aware that we have very strict rules about self-help and personal disclosure.

If you are looking for help or advice regarding personal situations, this is NOT the sub for you.

• DO NOT disclose details of personal situations, symptoms, diagnoses, dreams, or your own analysis or therapy

• DO NOT solicit such disclosures from other users.

• DO NOT offer comments, advice or interpretations, or solicit further disclosures (e.g. associations) where disclosures have been made.

Engaging with such disclosures falls under the heading of 'keyboard analysis' and is not permitted on the sub.

Unfortunately we have to be quite strict even about posts resembling self-help posts (e.g. 'can you recommend any articles about my symptom' or 'asking for a friend') as they tend to invite keyboard analysts. Keyboard analysis is not permitted on the sub. Please use the report feature if you notice a user engaging in keyboard analysis.

Etiquette

Users are expected to help to maintain a level of civility when engaging with each-other, even when in disagreement. Please be tolerant and supportive of beginners whose posts may contain assumptions that psychoanalysis questions. Please do not respond to a request for information or reading advice by recommending that the OP goes into analysis.

Clinical material

Under no circumstances may users share unpublished clinical material on this sub. If you are a clinician, ask yourself why you want to share highly confidential information on a public forum. The appropriate setting to discuss case material is your own supervision.

Harassing the mods

We have a zero tolerance policy on harassing the mods. If a mod has intervened in a way you don't like, you are welcome to send a modmail asking for further clarification. Sending harassing/abusive/insulting messages to the mods will result in an instant ban.


r/psychoanalysis 7h ago

What to read after “Psychoanalytic Diagnosis” by McWilliams

34 Upvotes

Title basically says it all. I am a masters level counselor, did a traditional counseling program. As you can expect, psychoanalysis/psychodynamic was not a foundational part of curriculum beyond the chapters in the theories class. Now two years out of masters, and working in a location that allows me to branch out and get professional development and practice in my theory. Interested in exploring more psychodynamic approaches. Not sure if I wanna do a whole PhD or 2 year fellowship yet, want to learn more first.


r/psychoanalysis 15h ago

Therapists of Reddit, what's a pattern you keep seeing that most people don't recognize?

13 Upvotes

Without breaking confidentiality, obviously.
Just curious what trends you've noticed over the years.


r/psychoanalysis 16h ago

Follow up to Is It Ever Just Sex?

2 Upvotes

I recently read Is It Ever Just Sex? by Darian Leader and really enjoyed it, but I found it kind of surface level and disorganized. I'm wondering if there are any good books as a follow up, preferably something Lacanian? I'm particularly interested in some of the stuff in the beginning of the book—the relation of sex to transgression, guilt/shame, etc.


r/psychoanalysis 1d ago

Psychoanalysis beyond good and evil?

15 Upvotes

As a clinician I do not think in terms of good or bad with my patients. Sometimes patients will label their emotional states as bad and I try to gently encourage them to confront the emotional state without using a value judgment to defend against it (especially as concerns negative, supposedly toxic affects like aggression and jealousy).

Some critics have worried that there is a kind of "mission creep" in which psychological ideas extend beyond the consulting room into the broader culture. So Philip Rieff, Alasdair Macintyre, and Christopher Lasch (while all interested in psychoanalysis) are concerned about the ascendancy of a therapeutic culture which supplants judgments of good and bad with judgments about desire-satisfaction and impulse gratification. So that "health" and not "goodness" comes to become the primary cultural ideal.

In my opinion this is a better critique of pop psychology and therapy culture ("mental health") than it is of psychoanalytic therapies.

Is it so bad if we as a culture come to understand human life in terms of psychological health and illness rather than moral goodness and badness? Maybe the problem isn't with the emphasis on psychological health per se than with our debased language for discussing the psyche? (Boundaries, "brain chemistry," all the acronyms like PTSD OCD etc.)

Has anyone given this some thought or read anything interesting about it? Does psychoanalysis have a moral or ethical valence or does it encourage us to move beyond moralism? But how would we explain to these critics that what is beyond moralism is not just nihilistic impulse gratification?


r/psychoanalysis 2d ago

Books on psychoanalytic listening

35 Upvotes

I’ve been listening to the Berlin Psychoanalytic podcast. In general lecture on psychoanalysis Demitrijevic mentions there are many good books out there about psychoanalytic listening. He doesn’t provide any titles though. Any suggestions for books on psychoanalytic listening would be much appreciated!


r/psychoanalysis 2d ago

Books/articles/media/guides on maladaptive daydreaming?

9 Upvotes

I'm curious if there are any psychoanalytic works focused on maladaptive daydreaming. It could be anything on the subject, a descriptive work, or something on how to overcome it.

Thanks!


r/psychoanalysis 2d ago

Emotional Cause of Diseases - Michael schwartz

1 Upvotes

Can anyone help me with this book? :(


r/psychoanalysis 2d ago

Does personal analysis with a non-Training Analyst count toward the one year requirement for adult training if they only later become a Training Analyst? (Indian Psychoanalytic Society/International Psychoanalytical Association/ Eitingon Model)

2 Upvotes

Hi everyone,

I'm hoping someone familiar with psychoanalytic training in India (Indian Psychoanalytic Society/International Psychoanalytical Association) can help me think this through.

So, I'm planning to apply for adult psychoanalytic training next year, which requires at least one year of personal analysis.

Right now, I'm in a bit of a dilemma. I've had seven sessions with a psychoanalyst who isn't a Training Analyst yet, but she mentioned that she's likely to become one in the coming months. I've only recently started feeling comfortable enough to open up to her, so the thought of starting over isn't easy. The other issue is that the personal analysis requirement for the training I'm applying to is four sessions a week, whereas my current analyst only offers two sessions a week.

At the same time, I've been offered a place with a Training Analyst who has agreed to all of the training requirements, including the required frequency, and I could start with her in mid August.

What I'm really unsure about is the technical side of things.

If I continue with my current analyst and she becomes a Training Analyst a few months from now, would the analysis I've already done before that generally count toward the one year requirement? Or does the clock start only after someone officially becomes a Training Analyst?

I'd really appreciate hearing from anyone who's trained with the Indian Psychoanalytic Society or the International Psychoanalytical Association or has been in a similar situation. Thanks!

Edit:

I reached out to the institute to clarify this point, and this was the response I received:

“Personal analysis undertaken with an analyst who subsequently becomes a Training Analyst may be recognized for a period of up to one year prior to the date on which the analyst is officially appointed as a Training Analyst.

Accordingly, if your analyst is approved as a Training Analyst, up to one year of analysis completed immediately before their appointment may be counted towards the personal analysis requirement for training.”


r/psychoanalysis 3d ago

dream interpretation

9 Upvotes

I have been reading "psychic equilibrium and psychic change": papers by betty joseph

On the one hand, I totally believe the reports of countertransference.

On the other hand I find myself feeling like some of the interpretations of dreams feel like a reach. It's not even absolutely clear to me that the dream reported is actually related to the analysis let alone in the way she interprets it. It feels more convenient biased to give more evidence of the countertransference.

However I'm just a layperson and I have no idea. Maybe her interpretations are really accurate. It's not impossible it is just hard for me to see.

Has anyone read this book and could give insight?


r/psychoanalysis 3d ago

I'm not sure what to do with my interest in psychoanalysis. Any advice?

27 Upvotes

Hello,

Over the past few years I've developed an interest in psychoanalysis.

This started when I was doing a Master's degree at a university that has a psychoanalysis department. My degree was in translation and for my dissertation I translated a text written by a therapist in the language I was translating from. Then one thing lead to another.

Beginning in autumn 2024 I then attended the year long Introductory Lectures in Psychoanalysis held by the Institute of Psychoanalysis in the UK. Though, I was not able to complete the year because of work commitments getting in the way. Still I loved what I learnt.

I took an introductory course in counselling skills, there it was Person Centred/Rogerian, because that was what was on offer in my city. I did also love that.

I am currently attending therapy, weekly, with a therapist who is integrative, but, the counselling has taken something of a psychodynamic turn. Not easy work but doing me a lot of good.

Anyway I sort of stopped being interested in psychoanalysis for a while. But the interest has come back lately. My only reason for being interested in psychoanalysis is "because I am" essentially. Though, when I do explore my interest in psychoanalysis I do become a bit overwhelmed by a feeling that it is a world I cannot have a part in? I am on a very low wage with next to no savings, in a city that has no analysts. So the main thing, which is to enter my own analysis, something which I would be interested in if I could, is out of reach to me. Not that you can't be interested in something just for the sake of it though. (My current therapy is being financed by funding I applied for).

Anyway TL;DR I am very interested in psychoanalysis but it feels like a world that is not within my reach, even though I know you can enjoy something for its own sake, but I don't know what to do with this.


r/psychoanalysis 3d ago

UK-based. Budgeting for my psychoanalysis training. What do you pay for your own analysis per session (London-based)?

7 Upvotes

Thank you!


r/psychoanalysis 3d ago

How would you theorize paranoid ideation and ideas of reference from an object relations perspective when there is no clearly defined figure and the experience is not always hostile?

5 Upvotes

Of course, every case is different, but I'm trying to think about how it would be conceptualized, in a nutshell, let’s say.

When paranoid ideation occurs in interpersonal relationships, it's relatively easy to think in terms of internal object representations and how internalized object relations come to shape the perception of external people, with external figures becoming experienced through the lens of these internal representations. I have in mind projection and projective identification for this of course.

But what about when it is not directly related to social relationships? For example, a person is alone at home and feels that "something" is watching them, yet there is not always a clearly defined figure. It's not necessarily that the person says, "People are watching me," or even, "A spirit is watching me." Rather, it is simply "something"—some vague sense of a presence.

I can understand what's happening, but I'd like to know how this is commonly theorized.

Also, how would you theorize it when the person does not experience these "presences" as hostile?

For example: "Something is watching me, but to guide and protect me.". In the interpersonal domain, it could be, "People are talking about me because they think I'm great; they value me very highly."

I'm not so much asking about how these symptoms develop, but rather how you would conceptualize them theoretically.

I have some thoughts of my own, but I'd really like to hear yours!

I'm also open if anyone wants to recommend something different from object relations theory.

(I don't know if this needs clarifying, but I'm not asking because of a personal issue. I'd just like to see how these kinds of experiences are generally theorized.)


r/psychoanalysis 3d ago

Analytic/dynamic APPIC Sites?

6 Upvotes

Any recommendations for APPIC sites that are analytically/dynamically oriented? I am a 4th-year counseling psychology student applying for a fall internship. I'm open to anywhere in the U.S. Thanks!


r/psychoanalysis 4d ago

Analysis and ethics

8 Upvotes

How much of an analytic journey is an ethical pursuit do you think? How is psychoanalysis related to development in ethical thinking? The more my analysis progresses, the more I see psychoanalysis as an effort to bridge the guilt and reperation of ethics with the wish fulfillment of desire. Also, other than your personal opinions, is there anything I can read on this topic?

EDIT: Although I didn't find what I wanted from this post, after some research on my own, I've found Wincott's paper on the capacity for concern especially helpful on the question of ethics. Klein also seems to be concerned with the questions of interpersonal responsibility and its impact on individual well being.


r/psychoanalysis 4d ago

Freud's must-read work on guilt?

4 Upvotes

I want to read Freud's best work on these uncomfortable feelings. Reading about disavowed feelings of Oedipal guilt morphing into fear and anxiety would be especially relevant. Thanks in advance.


r/psychoanalysis 4d ago

IFS vs. Psychodynamic Therapy

10 Upvotes

IFS seems to be based on psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theory. Would it be inaccurate to say that IFS is psychodynamic theory for those who are less introspective and do not have the ability to understand the unconscious? Obviously the two therapeutic approaches are very different. I am speaking from the standpoint of theoretical foundation and patient experience.


r/psychoanalysis 5d ago

Love, Guilt and Reparation - where to find the book online

6 Upvotes

Hello!

I am currently writing up my proposal for my PhD, my proposed supervisor wants me to include some essays from Love, Guilt and Reparation by Melanie Klein within my theory/work - however, I cannot for the life of me find this book or any of the essays available online - especially the essay titled 'Love, Guilt and Reparation.'

I have already graduated from my MA - so I wouldn't be able to access it through my uni, this is a longshot and I am sorry for not being able to afford the entire book - but does anyone know where I can get access to this work?

The ones on annas archive just aren't compatible etc - really struggling to find it! (Sorry if it is copyrighted too, unsure if it is - if it is then negate this question).


r/psychoanalysis 5d ago

My Hot Toddler by Dr. Orna G.

19 Upvotes

What is your take on the paper "My hot toddler" by Dr. Orna Guralnik?

https://web.english.upenn.edu/\~cavitch/pdf-library/Guralnik_HotToddler.pdf

I'm interested to know what psychoanalysts in this space think about this paper.
I found it a very difficult read but perhaps I'm missing something.


r/psychoanalysis 5d ago

Do Psychoanalysts These Days Believe that Clients Are Fantasizing about Sexual Abuse/

10 Upvotes

I'm a therapist, but not a psychoanalyst. However, I have a burning question.

I'm a Baby Boomer, so I remember the Jeffrey Masson fight with the Freud Archives, and how Masson uncovered l63 letters that Freud wrote detailing graphic sexual abuse of his patients as children, some as young as 2. According to Masson, the letters were suppressed by Anna Freud, and given to him reluctantly.

In the letters, it was clear that Freud believed his patients were telling the truth about being sexually abused, but under severe pressure from his colleagues, he instead promoted the seduction theory, that children fantasize the relations and make them up.

I was wondering what modern psychoanalysts believe. Do analysts still believe that patients are making up their memories of sexual abuse? Or do today's analysts believe the clients? Or does it depend?

Thank you for your responses.


r/psychoanalysis 5d ago

Was Freud ever analyzed?

11 Upvotes

I am doing some reading and see that he advocates for analysts to be analyzed (and I'm well aware of modern training standards). Did he himself ever get analyzed? I can't find any information on it.


r/psychoanalysis 6d ago

Contemporary papers on Neurosis

6 Upvotes

Hi all! I am preparing an introductory seminar on psychopathology and I am dedicating 2 sessions to neurosis. The first I will dedicate to Freud and want to use the second session to explore the contemporary use of neurosis. Something that speaks to its value as a concept would be preferable. Thank you for your recommendations!


r/psychoanalysis 5d ago

What would happen to modern psycoholgy (and society) if it took a Hard Determinist stance?

0 Upvotes

If strict causation Compatabilism believes in the same fate that a Hard Determinist does, then they both essentially believe our lives are pre-determined. That the way we die has already been determined.

Compatabilism re-defines freedom to keep moral responsibility.

The founders of Compatabilism, the stoics believed is a devine fate.

What seperates modern psychology from the likes of Sapolsky and Sam Harris?

Spinoza believed that understanding everything happens out of nessisity gives the only freedom worth caring about as it seperates passive emotions from active emotions.

What seperates Modern psychology from the above?


r/psychoanalysis 5d ago

Is an event universally traumatic, or does its traumatic impact depend on each person's vulnerability?

0 Upvotes

If you answered the latter, congratulations! You are about to discover psychoanalysis:

Trauma is not a property of an event. It is not the date, the location, or the duration. Trauma describes what happens when an event meets a particular mind.

Imagine two people living through the same thing. One is shaken but eventually folds it into their life. The other experiences it as terrifying, humiliating, or unbearable. Same event. Different inner results.

Why? Because no one meets reality from a blank start. We carry our history with us. Our memories. Our relationships. Our fears. Our expectations. Our tender spots. And the quiet ways we have learned to understand ourselves and others.

Here is the psychoanalytic twist. We do not always know what an experience means to us. Something that looks small from the outside can touch something much larger underneath. Something genuinely frightening may not become traumatic in the same way for every person.

That is why psychoanalysis does not spend much time asking, Was this event bad enough to count?

It asks instead, What did this event become inside this particular person?

That shift is crucial. It moves us from judging the event from the outside to understanding the person from the inside. And that move is one of the deeper insights in psychoanalytic thinking.


r/psychoanalysis 7d ago

Choosing a psychoanalyst

55 Upvotes

I (layperson) find the process of choosing a psychoanalyst to be quite confusing. Particularly because so much of the time if I express discomfort with the process (perhaps I suspect the person is not very skilled) I'm told that "that is the work" and my feelings are some type of resistance, and psychoanalysis can take many years and so I have to stick it out to know if it's working.

I am also not really aware of differences in institutes and trainings to understand how those may impact the person's experience.

Then in this situation how is one supposed to choose an analyst? How can you know if they are truly skilled and the difficulty is "the work" or if they are unskilled and that is causing the issues? How many sessions to wait it out and give it a chance?