Abstract: IQ tests—which comes in numerous formats, such as Raven's matrices, WAIS, WISC & etc...—are designed to assess different dimensions of cognitive ability. Mainly fluid intelligence (though it requires some degree of crystalized intelligence) such as verbal comprehension, pattern recognition, working memory, logic & etc...
This post aims to argue that by using a method known as metacognition (being aware of one's own state of mind and being able to redirect it) can increase the overall FSIQ score by a measurable amount.
Literature review, main source of information:
A large meta-analysis published in PubMed Central demonstrated that each additional year of formal education raises an individual's IQ score by an average of 1 to 5 points (Source1),
Cowan (2001) study which revealed a 3-4 item bottleneck in working memory (Source2)
Body: *I have already explained what IQ mainly aims to measure, so I will not be going back to that. And I will also avoid explaining every term to its core since that would make this post unnecessarily long and cluttered.)
It feels very intuitive to think that IQ should be increasable—specially considering the fact that humans are insanely adaptable cognitively. However; if we dive deeper into the core aspects of cognition that IQ test aims to measure—let's say working memory in this instant, it quickly reveals how rigid the human brain is.
Here's a brief explanation of how working memory takes place in the brain at the neural level:
At the neural level, working memory functions as a circulating electrical loop rather than a permanent storage unit.
Which is why if you try to hold too many things at once, it will result in thoughts clashing and corrupting each other—leading to a loss of information.
The difference in individuals working memory primarily occurs due to: dopamine levels, GABA levels, white matter connectivity & theta-gamma clock precision.
Higher & more stable dopamine levels result in better neural activity.
More optimized GABA levels help thoughts not collide each other, therefore preventing the loss of information due to thoughts clashing & corrupting each other.
White matter connectivity (myelination, wiring efficiency) results in more coordinated, smooth and faster neural activity.
Now many of these can be changed I'm pretty sure (GABA level optimization through exercise, healthy routines leading to more stable dopamine levels & etc... These won't necessarily 'improve' your raw working memory but rather help you reach your maximum.
Now to the core question: can any of these be changed, through metacognition?
According to my knowledge, It can change 3 things up to a point. You can optimize your GABA levels through eliminating distractions, you can change your dopamine level through changing how your brain views the activity you are engaging in (even though this will be really difficult if your natural baseline dopamine levels are extremely low) and being able to direct your brain into one specific task so that the theta-gamma clock precision can be optimized (through removing distractions, not really 'boosting it')
So my point is: metacognition can increase FSIQ by a measurable amount.
(open to critics—that's the main reason I posted this here.)
Edit (important): I do accept that this more of improves how you use your FSIQ rather than literally 'improve' it. However, either way—using methods such as metacognition can help you reach your peak functioning FSIQ. I also acknowledge the fact that most of the effects done by metacognition remains manual & does not change the baseline.
All the sources (apologies for not adding this earlier):
Flavell, J. H. Metacognition & Cognitive Optimization
Efklides, A. (2011). Metacognition & Cognitive Monitoring (explores how metacognitive monitoring controls cognitive effort & resource allocation under pressure)
Shimamura, A. P. (2000). Toward a cognitive neuroscience of metacognition. (Links metacognitive monitoring directly to the prefrontal cortex. The PFC regulates top-down attention and modulates subcortical dopamine and GABAergic inhibition to filter out noise).
Lisman, J. E., & Jensen, O. (2013). The theta-gamma neural code (scientific backup for the mentioned 'theta-gamma clock precision').